For the Hanjiang River Basin, we studied the spatiotemporal pattern of net primary productivity (NPP) based on MOD17A3-NPP (Modis NPP is part of the NASA Earth Observation System project) data, and the factors affecting the pattern, in order to provide a scientific basis for eco-environmental improvements and management of land. The GIS spatial analysis method, linear fitting method, and variation coefficient method were used to study the spatiotemporal pattern of NPP; the correlation coefficient method, land use degree index, and dynamic degree index of land use were used to analyze the factors affecting the spatiotemporal pattern. The results showed:(1) The multi-year average NPP in Hanjiang River Basin was 439 gC m^-2 a^-1. NPP was high in the northwest and low in the northeast, higher in the south than in the north, and slightly higher in the middle region like a armchair, opening to the southeast. In general, annual growth increased at a rate of 3.11gC m^-2 a^-1, NPP ranged from 300 to 600 gC m^-2 a^-1, and 83.65% of the total area accounted for the NPP. High NPP was recorded for Hanzhong city. (2) The multi-year average NPP was the lowest in the upstream region, followed by the middle region, and then the downstream region, whereas the reverse trend was noted for the diversity of NPP. Because the upper reaches of the basin is mainly mountainous, there were obvious vegetation differences between the different vertical zones and therefore there were more complex and diverse vegetation type, and considerable spatial differentiation of vegetation NPP for this region. Maximum NPP was noted in Hanzhong. The largest area (Shiyan, Xiangfan, and Jingmen) had a decreasing trend for average NPP. (3) Due to the nonlinear change in climatic conditions of vertical landscapes, the spatial distribution of NPP is usually affected by the reallocation of hydro-thermal combination in vertical landscapes. In the Hanjiang River Basin, precipitation is the main factor of affecting NPP. (4) Vertical variation in NPP was also observed:from the perspective of elevation, NPP is steeply rising first and then falling, then slightly rising and steeply dropping again; from the perspective of slope, NPP is sharply increasing first and then slowly decreasing, then slowly increasing and steeply decreasing again; according to the slope aspects, NPP in sunny slope is highest, NPP in shady slope is lowest and NPP in semi sunny slope is higher than semi shady slope. Topography is the main factor affecting the vertical variation in NPP. (5) NPP was evidently decreased in hilly regions and in region with slopes less than 5°,which was mainly because of land use patterns and human activity. Soil and water loss areas also had decreased NPP, which was mainly related to the terrain and the heavy precipitation in the mountainous region. In conclusion, NPP in Hanjiang River Basin is stable, NPP in the middle and lower reaches of the basin are slightly decreasing in the flat and hilly regions and NPP is decreasing in low and mid-low mountains. Climate and topographic features determines the spatial distribution of NPP, and climate changes and human activities have an important role in affecting vegetation NPP.