In this study, the biomass and carbon concentrations were measured and the carbon storages were estimated in various plant organs and components of different aged stands of Moso bamboo plantations in Taojiang county, Hunan province. The objective of the research project was to quantify the special distribution of biomass and carbon storage in bamboo forest ecosystems in order to better understanding of the dynamic property of biomass production and carbon cycle in the plantation ecosystems. The results showed that (1) the standing biomass increased with aged plantations. The standing biomass was 28.15, 30.89, and 57.76 t/hm² in three studied aged stands, respectively, of which the stem organ accounted for the highest proportion of the total standing biomass for all aged stands, with an average value of 63%; (2) the carbon storage increased with aged stands, ranging from 131.27 t/hm² to 167.82 t/hm² in the three different aged Moso bamboo plantations. The carbon concentrations in plant organs varied with tree aging and ranged from 0.466 gC/g to 0.483 gC/g. The range of carbon concentrations was 0.474-0.489 gC/g in the shrub layer, 0.472-0.490 gC/g in the herbaceous layer, 0.213-0.276 gC/g in the litter layer, and 14.790-34.503 gC/g in soils; (3) the total carbon storage was 131.27, 139.09, and 167.82 t/hm² in the three different aged Moso bamboo plantation ecosystems, respectively, of which 13.63-28.42 t/hm² was found in the vegetation layer and 0.307-0.420 t/hm² in the litter layer, respectively, which accounted for 9.94%-16.94% and 0.23%-0.27% of the total carbon storage in the plantation ecosystems. Carbon storage in soils ranged from 117.34 t/hm² to 138.98 t/hm², which accounted for 82.82%-89.80% of the total carbon in the ecosystems. The carbon storage in different components declined in an order soil layer > vegetation layer > litter layer in all studied Moso bamboo plantation ecosystems. Our results provide scientific references for further studying of carbon cycle and sequestration in bamboo forests.