Our objective was to investigate the soil nutrient and salinization status of small-scale surface farmland within the Ebinur Basin, a typical rump lake basin in Xinjiang, which experienced recent economic success. We analyzed the spatial distribution and factors influencing soil nutrient composition, as well as conducted a soil salinization environmental risk assessment in the basin. The results indicated that:(1) there were relatively high amounts of OM, AN, RP, and RK in the farmland surface soil. Among these five elements, the total salt content was highly variable, while the contents in the other four elements demonstrated low variation. (2) The semi-variance function analysis showed that the spatial distributions of AN, RP, and RK were mainly influenced by random factors, such as fertilization and irrigation, while the spatial distributions of OM and TS in the Ebinur Basin farmland were influenced by both random factors, such as fertilization and irrigation, and structural elements, such as vegetation coverage and soil texture. (3) The Spatial interpolation analysis revealed that, in general, the areas with high OM, AN, RP, and RK soil content were mainly distributed in the central and northern parts of the research area, and they were mainly influenced by the fertilization method, irrigation method, and the vegetation coverage; while the areas with high TS were mainly distributed in the southern and surrounding parts of the research area, and they were mainly influenced by the topography, soil texture, and the vegetation coverage. (4) The correlation analysis showed that soil OM, RK, RP, and AN have a negative correlation with the total salt content. The salinization risk assessment revealed that the whole area was within a low to moderate range of salinization risk, which will not influence the growth of the main crop, such as cotton, in the research area. However, in the future we should improve the irrigation and cropping system methods by increasing the application of organic manure and returning crop stalks to the field, thereby achieving a stable and high crop yield.