In this study, the impact of corn stover cultivation, (i.e., CR) in contrast with not cultivating core stover (i.e., CK), on the population dynamics, genera, and structure of the soil nematodes community was examined in the field. The results indicated that a total of 36 genera of nematodes were found and identified for the two treatments of corn-straw-return/non-return cultivation (CR:36,CK:30) during the eight sampling dates between 2013-2014, including 12 genera of plant-parasites (CR:12,CK:10), 15 genera of bacterivores (CR:15,CK:14), 5 genera of fungivores (CR:5,CK:4), and 4 genera of omnivores-predators (CR:4,CK:2). Compared with not cultivating core stover, corn stover cultivation decreased the percentage of plant-parasites and fungivores, while noticeably enhanced the percentage of bacterivores and omnivorespredators. A significant increase in the percentage of bacterivores (about 42.95%) was recorded for the corn stover cultivation, than that with not cultivating core stover. Moreover, the total number of nematodes was higher in the corn stover cultivation field than that in the not cultivating core stover field, while no significant difference was found between the two treatments. Additionally, significant increases in bacterivore abundance (16.3%-125.6%) was found for the corn stover cultivation treatment relative to that in the corn stover cultivation. Furthermore, the corn-straw-return cultivation demonstrated significantly enhanced Shannon-Wiener index (H'), Richness index (S), and Nematode Channel Ratio (NCR), but did not markedly affect the Evenness index (J), the Wasilewska index (WI), and the Total Maturity index (∑MI), when compared to those of not cultivating core stover. In conclusion, corn stover cultivation has important ecological impacts on the agroecosystem, and it can enhance the abundance and genera diversity of soil nematodes, thereby creating a stable and healthy soil ecosystem.