Frequent summer droughts, caused by climate change, have negatively affected the productivity and quality of tea orchard soil. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is an important cash crop in southern China, therefore it is important to examine soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and microbial community structural shifts under such summer drought conditions in various cultivation ages. In this study, the pot method was utilized to investigate the soil quality of various cultivation ages of 0, 10, 30, and 50 years. These pots were incubated at 25℃ and given two different water treatments (30% and 55% WFPS (water-filled pore space)). Throughout the incubation period, soil samples were taken to measure the soil carbon, nitrogen content, and extracellular enzyme activities at 0, 7, and 14 days. The results indicated that prior to the incubation period, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, microbial nitrogen, and the total organic carbon in the soil increased with cultivation age. The microbial carbon and the extracellular enzyme activities (β-1,4-glucosidase activity related to soil carbon and N-acetylglucosaminidase and l-leucine aminopetidase activity related to soil nitrogen) were highest at the cultivation age of 30. Soil samples taken under drought conditions, displayed increased extracellular enzyme activities, soil organic carbon, soil nitrate nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen contents while soil microbial carbon and extracellular enzyme activities declined. The soil samples taken from a cultivation age of 30 exhibited a relatively high amount of dissolved organic carbon, microbial nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soil extracellular enzyme activities throughout all incubation periods. The drought conditions had a significant influence on the contents of soil nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, and microbial carbon. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of soil carbon and nitrogen related biochemical properties indicated that the carbon and nitrogen soil nutrients affected one another. The results of the study indicated that a 30-year cultivation of the tea tree had a positive effect on the accumulation of soil nutrients but tea tree cultivation for almost 50 years produced an inferior micro-ecological environment. Thus, to improve the soil environment in tea orchards, measures such as balancing fertilization and green cover, should be considered.