Referring to the research findings of ecosystem service value, a new concept "ecological-economic output" was proposed and defined in this paper the connotation and characterization method of this concept was also given. With the statistical data, ecological- economic output efficiency of 31 provinces of Chinese mainland during 2001-2013 was calculated. The spatial-temporal distribution, gravity center transferring direction and distance were also analyzed. On this base, the spatial agglomeration trait and the driving forces were discussed through spatial data analysis method and partial least squares regression model. The results showed that in Chinese mainland, during the research period, ecological-economic output efficiency at province level showed three-level graded distribution, characterized by increasing from the west to the east. Ecological- economic output efficiency had the trait of overall spatial dependence and spatial positive correlation. Remarkable high-high agglomeration and low-high agglomeration in some regions were stable, and ecological overflow effect of high-low agglomeration made low-low agglomeration vanished eventually. GDP per capita, road lengths per unit area and proportion of scientific research funding from GDP drove the improvement of ecological- economic output efficiency of Chinese mainland. However, the restricting elements were varied from place to place.