To shorten the process of vegetation restoration on the landslide sites of Wenchuan Earthquake, this study explored the relationship between plant communities and environmental factors. A total of 29 sample plots in Beichuan, the area of earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008, were selected to conduct vegetation investigation, adopting 10 environmental indicators that describe the terrain, location, and soil nutrient characteristics of plant communities. Two-way indicator species analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, de-trended correspondence analysis, and de-trended canonical correspondence analysis were used to analyze plant species, plant communities, and plant life styles. The results showed the following: 1) Plant communities within the study area were classified into nine types. 2) The first two axes representing plant species explained 21.96% of the environmental factors; Axis 1 was related to pH, altitude, and soil texture, indicating the transformation from the secondary plant community to the primary plant community. By using de-trended canonical correspondence analysis, the environmental variables explained 25.7% of the ordination plant community, and Axis 1 showed a strong correlation with pH, altitude, and soil texture, demonstrating that plant community composition varied from drought and barren resistant plants to artificial or pioneer plants and to intact vegetation. Axis 2 correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen content, and slope direction, illustrating the change in plant communities from herbaceous plant community to tree-shrub-grass or shrub-grass type of vegetation. 3) Plant community composition on the landslide sites was significantly different from that of intact forest sites.