Selecting the two ecological habitats (interdunal depression and fixed dunes) of the Minqin oasis fringe as our study area, the chronosequence method, fractal dimension (including box-counting dimension, information dimension and correlation dimension) analyses, and principal component analysis were used to study the population structure and spatial heterogeneity of Reaumuria soongorica, as well as the primary factor influencing these characteristics. The results were as follows:(1) R. soongorica individuals in the interdunal depression, which were mainly in age class Ⅰ, regenerated more readily than those of age class Ⅲ growing on the fixed dunes. (2) The intraspecific competition within R. soongorica was not intense in the interdunal depression, but the population occupied and utilized relatively larger ecological spaces here and exhibited higher levels of spatial heterogeneity when compared to those in the fixed dunes habitat. In addition, the box-counting dimension and information dimension methods were sensitive to individual number, renewal ability, and spatial pattern, while the correlation dimension was often used to illustrate the potential for intraspecific competition in arid regions. (3) Besides community structure (which includes the population density and seedling abundance), environmental factors affected the fractal dimensions. The principal component analysis suggested that soil crust type was the primary principal affecting the fractal dimension, followed by soil water content and soil salt content, which together accounted for 80.002% of the variance within the fractal dimension. (4) When these ecological projects (such as windbreak, sand-fixation, and vegetation rehabilitation) were conducted, it was advised that the windbreak, sand-fixation, and survival rate of seedlings were improved by increasing the individual density of R. soongorica plants in age class Ⅰ growing in the interdunal depression. Thus, strategies for facilitating increase in the survival rate of R. soongorica seedlings have become a key part of utilizing and protecting the R. soongorica population growing on fixed dunes.