Wetlands are an integral part of the environment, and have received tremendous scientific attention, especially in the arid zone. This research plays a very important role in our understanding of the sustainable development of an ecosystem. In this study, the Ebinur Lake wetland in Xinjiang was chosen as the study area, a typical arid area in China. Field investigation, analytical chemistry, and geostatistics methods were employed to ascertain the regularity of the differentiation of the organic carbon and related components of the soil. Their formation mechanisms were discussed, and a survey of organic carbon and total nitrogen was conducted. This study not only greatly enriches theoretical research on wetlands in arid areas, but also reveals sequestration mechanisms and the carbon sequestration potential of wetland ecosystems. In addition, it furthers our understanding of the regulator function of wetlands, evaluates the potential environmental impacts of ecosystems, and provides a practical reference for the rational utilization of these ecosystems and the coordination of the relationship between environmental protection and the sustainable development of the regional economy. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) the soil organic carbon content is low, and decreases as soil layer depth increases. The analysis of the nutrient variation coefficient of the soil organic carbon shows that desert riparian forest, salt meadow, and small trees in the desert exhibited strong variability, whereas the others exhibited medium variation; (2) the distribution of the soil organic carbon from seven vegetation types shows that organic carbon was concentrated 0-20 cm below the surface. The distribution is more uniform in the soil layer 40-100 cm deep. The allocation ratio of soil organic carbon in differs among vegetation types; however, the surface layer (0-20 cm) accounted for more than 30%. Finally, (3)the organic carbon accumulation in the Ebinur Lake wetland by landcover type is as follows:Microphanerophytes desert > saline meadow > dry lakebed > desert shrub > halophyte shrub > desert riparian forest > alpine coniferous forest. The total organic carbon accumulation of the soil is 7086862.83 kgC.