Ecological risk assessment is one of the most important subdivisions in eco-environmental protection and management, and it is widely used to evaluate ecological risks on both watershed and regional scales. In this study, we conducted identification and ecological assessment by analyzing risk sources, bearer, ecological endpoints, and the exposure-response process on the basis of regional ecological risk assessment coupled with the unique characteristics of mining ecosystems in high groundwater table areas. The identification and evaluation method for ecological risk was studied, and an ecological assessment conceptual model and spatial analysis framework for a coal mine with high ground water were proposed. Furthermore, a comprehensive ecological risk assessment method was proposed on the basis of the spatial buffering theory. The proposed model identifies and assesses mining-induced ecological risks. The Dongtan coal mine in Shandong Province was selected to test this model and framework. The major ecological risks in this mine include land subsidence, floods, water pollution, landscape, and social issues. The degrees of single and comprehensive ecological risk were evaluated. On the basis of the analysis, ecological risk was quantitatively analyzed and spatial strategies for ecological planning in the coal mine were broached. Severe, moderate, general, and mild comprehensive ecological risks were 4.7%, 64%, 24.09%, and 7.2%, respectively. The high ecological risk was located mid-west of the coal mine with sites for coal waste piles, exposed coal, and power plants. Despite the small area occupied, enough attention should be paid to high ecological-risk areas because of their high potential of air, water, and soil pollution. The moderate ecological risk was the dominant risk-type and was present in 64% of the whole region, where most of the mining subsidence is distributed. Mining subsidence triggers flood, farmland loss, and related social issues. The general and low ecological risks were located in the mining industry square area and coal mine edges (where coal pillars protect the ground infrastructure), and were kept at a distance from pollution sources. On the basis of quantitative and spatial ecological risk assessment, specific recommendations were proposed after considering reduced ecological risk and protection from an ecological security perspective for the mine. The countermeasures and suggestions include:(1) Source control. Coal waste piles, exposed coal, and power plants are the main causes of pollution and are considered as point-source pollution; therefore, we recommend that the coal company should focus on source control, improve the comprehensive utilization of coal waste, eliminate exposed coal, and implement monitoring of water and air emissions in power plants. (2) Establishment of barriers for high ecological-risk areas. High ecological-risk areas were established over a long period and cannot be eliminated immediately; therefore, establishment of ecological buffer zones and barriers for mitigating the effects of high ecological risks is strongly recommended. Specific measures include shelterbelt construction and utilization of geotextiles. (3) Improved monitoring and pollution control. Field sampling was not conducted in this study; the coal company should build a monitoring system to assess high pollution levels and spatial distribution of ecological risk areas and consider the dominant wind direction. (4) Concurrent mining and reclamation, filling materials in high groundwater and plain coal mines, and concurrent mining and reclamation technology are recommended to protect the topsoil and improve land reclamation efficiency.