We determined moth community structure and diversity in different forest types, including both restoration areas and primeval forests, in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains. We systematically investigated the moth communities in four typical forest types (natural mixed conifer-hardwood forest, planted and secondary growth forest, natural hardwood forest, and virgin Korean pine [Pinus koraiensis] forest) in the Liangshui Natural Reserve. We collected 56,079 specimens of 598 species, belonging to 28 families of Lepidoptera. Noctuidae, Geometridae, Pyralidae, Notodontidae, and Tortricidae were the dominant families, and Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli), Ghoria gigantea (Oberthür), Cosmia unicolor (Staudinger), Hydrillodes funeralis Warren, and Yponomeuta evonymellus (Linnaeus) were the dominant species. Xiaoxing'an Mountains and Changbai Mountains had similar forest habitats and accordingly, the dominant moth groups were similar. Noctuidae, Geometridae, Pyralidae and Notodontidae were the dominant families in both of these mountains, and all 27 families of moths found in Changbai Mountains, except Oecophoridae, were collected during our survey. Furthermore, we collected more than 100 individuals for most of the dominant species in the Changbai Mountains, including Hypomecis punctinalis conferenda (Butler), Deileptenia ribeata (Clerck), Clostera albosigma curtuloides Erschoff, Tethea ampliata (Butler), Diarsia canescens (Butler), and Anaplectoides virens (Butler). The Changbai Mountains, however, was host to the largest number of individuals of Geometridae and there were differences in the dominant species between the two places. The species-abundance analysis for moth communities depicted a curve in accordance with the log-normal hypothesis and goodness of fit was strong (R²>0.9240). We used common indices of diversity for the moth community. The individual number was Ⅱ >Ⅰ> Ⅲ > Ⅳ, the diversity index and the evenness index were Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅰ, and the dominant concentration index was Ⅰ > ⅢI > Ⅱ > Ⅳ. The diversity index was significantly correlated with the dominant concentration index (r=-0.7——0.974, P < 0.05), but it was not significantly correlated with the evenness index (r=0.173-0.471, P > 0.05). Polar ordination and community similarity analysis indicated that the moth community structure of all forest restoration areas differed little from that of the primeval forest area. We concluded that the environmental conditions the moths depend on in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains are stable and that the ecological and environmental quality has been well preserved. There were, however, differences in the insect community structure and natural environment between different forest restoration areas and the primeval forest. Compared with the primeval forest, the restoration areas had more individuals and more dominant species. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on pest monitoring of Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli), Ghoria gigantea (Oberthür), Cosmia unicolor (Staudinger), Hydrillodes funeralis Warren, Yponomeuta evonymellus (Linnaeus). The natural mixed conifer-hardwood stands had the greatest abundance of dominant species (i.e., lowest evenness) and the lowest diversity of the moth communities surveyed, which might be a consequence of the low diversity of vegetation.