Corispermum lehmannianum, which ranks only second to Haloxylon persicum in terms of Importance Value, is a valuable component of the desert flora. It is widely distributed in the Gurbantunggut Desert and plays a very important role in the stabilization of sand dunes. Consequently, this study investigated the distribution characteristics and dynamics of the population of C. lehmannianum under natural conditions, adopting the method of fixed quadrant. The results showed the following: 1) C. lehmannianum has a higher Importance Value on all slope positions of the dunes, especially in the middle and upper parts of sand dunes where sand is more unstable compared with other slope positions. 2) Throughout the entire growth season, germination rate and emergence of seedlings on each slope position, aside from the top of the dunes, differentiates three groups. Different levels of seed germination are observed in different periods; a large number of seeds germinate and a large number of seedlings emerge in March. The highest levels of seed germination and emergence of seedlings occur in April, gradually decreasing in May. However, on the top of sand dunes, germination and emergence are the highest in March, whereas no germination and emergence were observed from April to May. Therefore, seed germination and population density on other slope positions, except at the top of sand dunes, increase, and then decrease. At the end of the growth season, population density demonstrates the following tendency in variation: the middle and upper parts of sand dunes > the lower part of sand dunes and interdunes > the top of sand dunes. 3) The seed yield per unit area of mature plants shows the same tendency as the population density. Seed number per unit area in the middle and upper parts of sand dunes are significantly higher than those in the interdunes, the bottom of the sand dunes, and the top of the sand dunes (P < 0.01). 4) Given the seed bank densities at depths of 0-5 cm and 6-10 cm, the experimental results suggest that the number of viable seeds in the central and upper parts of sand dunes is significantly higher than those in other slope positions. In summary, C. lehmannianum are dominant in the middle and upper parts of sand dunes where sand is less stable compared with other slope positions of sand dunes and the species is well adapted to the desert environment. Thus, C. lehmannianum is one of the plants with the most potential to contribute to the stabilization of sand dunes.