Understanding the spatial distribution of a species' habitat and its relationship with environmental factors is crucial to determine the distribution of suitable habitat of a target species and its habitat requirements. Such habitat assessment and prediction form the basis for effective species protection. The maximum entropy (MAXENT) model can be used to predict the possible distribution range of a species in a target region according to data of geographic distribution and environmental factors. The Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve in Xinjiang is the main habitat for Gazella subgutturosa. In order to clarify the spatial distribution of G. subgutturosa in this area and analyze its habitat features, a predictive habitat distribution map of this species was estimated using the MAXENT model with a total of 115 recorded points of known G. subgutturosa occurrence and 23 environmental factors; the environmental factors and habitat selection of G. subgutturosa were then analyzed. The results showed that the mean diurnal range is the main environmental factor influencing the distribution of G. subgutturosa, followed by maximum temperature of the warmest month, temperature seasonality, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest month, and annual mean temperature. Vegetation type, slope, and precipitation of the driest month had little effect on habitat distribution. The model constructed by MAXENT was highly reliable, as evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. In addition to 19 bioclimatic variables (including temperature and precipitation), topographical features such as elevation and aspect also appear to affect the habitat selection of G. subgutturosa. The most suitable habitat for G. subgutturosa was mainly distributed in the northern and eastern parts of the study area, and habitats with moderate and low suitability were in the marginal areas of the most suitable habitats. On the other hand, the western part of the study area was determined to be an unsuitable habitat for G. subgutturosa. This study not only provides information on the actual distribution of G. subgutturosa habitat in the Ebinur Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve, but also provides important clues for future research about this species and its habitat.