An experiment with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was carried out to explore the effects of biochar and biochar-based ammonium nitrate fertilizers on soil chemical fertility, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,and enzyme activity of soil invertase, urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase. Six treatments were used in this study: control(CK), biochar(BC), ammonium nitrate control(AN), simple mixed type of biochar-based nitrogen(CH), solid-liquid adsorption type biochar-based nitrogen(XF), and chemical reaction type biochar-based nitrogen(FY). The results showed that the content of soil organic carbon significantly increased and the values of available phosphorus and available potassium decreased in biochar and biochar-based nitrogen treatments, CH, XF, FY. Compared to the CK, microbial biomass carbon content increased by 22.10% and 17.45% in CH and BC treatments, respectively, but decreased by 9.09%、10.86%、1.46% in AN、XF and FY treatments, respectively.Microbial biomass nitrogen content was positively affected by all fertilization treatments. In BC and XF treatments, microbial biomass nitrogen significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 66.53% and 62.78%, respectively, compared to that in the CK. The increase in the nitrogen content was the lowest in AN treatment and only reached 24.86%, compared to that in the CK. In biochar-based nitrogen treatments, FY, XF, and CH, the enzyme activity of soil invertase, urease and catalase was increased. The effect of FY treatment was the strongest, followed by XF treatment, while the effect of CH treatment was the weakest. Both FY and XF treatments increased the enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase activity, but its activity decreased in the CH treatment, compared to the CK. Wheat yield in biochar-based nitrogen treatments, FY, XF, CH, significantly increased by 36.61%, 22.58% and 20.72%, respectively, compared to that in the CK. Thus, the biochar-based ammonium nitrate fertilizers, which prepared with biochar and chemical fertilizer can get a good application prospect in agricultural sector.