In order to clarify the composition and structure of meiofauna communities, we collected and analyzed sediment samples from 12 stations in October (autumn) 2011, February (winter), May (spring), and August 2012 (summer) in Xiangshan Bay. The results showed that 12 meiofauna taxa were identified, which included nematodes, ostracods, bivalves, gastropods, oligochaetes, polychaetes, turbellarians, copepods, amphipods, cumaceans, hydra larvae, and others. Average abundance of meiofauna in spring, summer, autumn, and winter was (22.3±34.4), (74.8±140.8), (31.4±64.5), and (97.4±206.5) individuals per 10 cm² (ind/10 cm²), respectively, and nematodes and ostracods were the dominant groups. The average biomass for the corresponding season was (73.0±144.4), (1261.7±2244.1), (440.7±1003.7), and (1010.5±2365.6) μg/10 cm², respectively, and ostracods were the main contributing group. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated that meiofauna community structures between different seasons were all significantly different (R=0.137, P=0.001). According to Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) of annual mean abundance, 12 stations were subdivided into three groups, and the bottom group in Xiangshan bay was significantly different from the other two groups. Among these groups, the main discrimination taxa were ostracods, nematodes, gastropods, and polychaetes. Meanwhile, 14 sediment environmental factors were also monitored, including depth, temperature, salinity, moisture content, organic carbon, chlorophyll a, pH, the oxidation reduction potential (ORP), conductivity, dissolved solids, sand content, silt content, clay content and median size. The results showed that clay and silt were the main ingredients in the surface sediments of Xiangshan Bay, and the median particle size was located at a higher level in the mouth of the bay. In sediments, organic carbon content changed significantly in different seasons, and was higher in the spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Moreover, the concentration of chlorophyll a was higher in the spring and at the bottom of the bay. According to the Biotic-Environmental (BIOENV) analysis, the correlation coefficient between meiofauna and environmental factors was 0.270. The selected variable subsets were sand content, moisture content, depth, and median size. Further analyses of Spearman's correlation were also carried out, and the results indicated that the abundance of meiofauna positively correlated with the level of chlorophyll a and sand but correlated negatively with depth and salinity. The biomass of meiofauna positively correlated with sand content but correlated negatively with salinity and silt content. Moreover, among meiofauna taxa, the abundance of nematodes positively correlated with chlorophyll a levels, while the abundance of ostracods positively correlated with sand content and negatively correlated with ORP and salinity. Nonetheless, no significant correlations were observed between environmental factors and oligochaetes and copepods.