Scatter hoarding behavior of forest rodents has a positive effect on plant distribution and regeneration. Environmental factors, seed traits, and food abundance can affect the hoarding strategy of forest rodents. However, current research in this area has not been sufficiently comprehensive and little information is available on how major environmental factors, such as climate zone district, can affect seed dispersal by rodents. Predation and dispersal of Castanea mollissima and Quercus aliena seeds were investigated at the Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve on the north-facing slope of Qinling Mountains and at the Foping National Nature Reserve on the south-facing slope of Qinling Mountains in October 2012 and October 2013. Ten plots (1 m × 1 m), separated by a 15-m long transect line, were established as acorn stations in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. Twenty C. mollissima seeds and 20 Q. aliena seeds were placed at each station and seed fates were monitored at 7 d after initial release. During each visit, we searched the area around each station (radius <30m) for seeds that removed by rodents and recorded acorn fates. Environmental factors, especially vegetation, have a significant impact on seed dispersal. Because of Fagaceae abundance, the lifetime of seeds from both study species was longer on the south-facing slope than on the north-facing slope, while the feeding and loss rate of seeds from both species was higher on the north-facing slope than on the south-facing slope. Seed traits affected the eating and hoarding preference of rodents. Rodents preferred seeds of C. mollissima, due to their higher nutritional content, such as fat and protein than those of Q. aliena with low nutritional and high tannin content. The differences in the dispersal process of seeds from both study species were significant between the north- and south-facing slopes over the 2 years of study. In 2012, a year of food shortage, the distribution and loss rate was higher than that in 2013, which indicated that the eating and hoarding strategy of rodents might be affected by food abundance. Rodents preferred eating and hoarding seeds with low nutritional value (low protein and fat content) in short distance and those with high nutritional value (high protein and fat content) in long distance on both the north and south-facing slopes, results that supported the Optimal Cache Spacing Model. This study indicated that the dispersal process of seeds from both study species on the north and south-facing slopes of Qinling Mountains was different. Vegetation factors, seed traits, and food abundance affected the selection strategy of forest rodents. Forest rodents could identify different seeds and selectively consume them, a factor that might influence the dispersal and natural regeneration of C. mollissima and Q. aliena seeds.