Abstract:Freezing injury is one of the most serious agro-meteorological disasters of winter wheat in North China, restricting yield and its suitability. Under the background of climate change, the warming trend in China is significant, especially in winter. However, freezing injury of winter wheat during winter still happened sometimes in Huang-Huai Winter Wheat Area (HHWWA), therefore, identify the spatial and temporal patterns of freezing injury during winter under the background of climate change is very important to defense the freezing injury. In this study, based on the daily temperature data of 47 meteorological stations in HHWWA from 1960 to 2010, the trends of accumulated negative temperature and over-wintering durations were analyzed, and spatial and temporal variation of freezing injury during winter in HHWWA were identified, taking the accumulated negative temperature as freezing injury indices. Over the past 50 years, the average absolute values of accumulated negative temperature were ranged from 17.3 to 240.8 ℃·d, increased from south to north. Moreover, the accumulated negative temperature decreased at a rate of 1.8-38.3℃·d per decade from 1961 to 2010, and the higher values of trends were in the north. The over-wintering durations was also one of the important indicators of over-wintering conditions of winter wheat. In the study area, over-wintering durations decreased over the past 50 years, especially in the north areas, however there were no significant decreasing trends for the south areas, and no stable over-wintering periods for some south stations in some years, especially after 1985. Based on the analysis of accumulated negative temperature and over-wintering durations, the frequency and station ratio of freezing injury of different grades was studied. In HHWWA, the frequency of slight freezing injury was more than 40%, and increased from north to south. The ratio of existing station increased during the past 50 years. The frequencies of moderate and slightly severe freezing injury of most stations were under 10%, and decreased from north to south. The ratio of existing station decreased during the past 50 years. There was no severe freezing injury and extreme severe freezing injury over the whole region. Overall, in HHWWA, the risk of freezing injury during winter is low. The degree of the freezing injury reduced from 1961 to 2010, but the stations with slight freezing injury increased gradually. The results may reflect freezing injury during winter to a certain extend. However, there were many factors related to freezing injury, including meteorological conditions, soil conditions, management measures and so on. Therefore, a deeper and more systematic study on freezing injury involving all factors as well as on the effect of freezing injury on winter wheat yield is needed in the future.