Macrobenthic communities play vital roles in the processes of material circulation and energy flow of constructed wetland ecosystems. These roles are also critical for sustaining the structural stability and operational efficiency of such systems. Hydrophytes are one of the most obvious biological components of constructed wetland ecosystems. However, little information is available on the differences in the macrobenthic communities that occupy different hydrophyte monoculture configurations. In the present study, a series of quarterly investigations on macrobenthic communities was carried out from August 2013 to May 2014 in surface flow wetland (SFW) monocultures of Phragmites communis, Zizania latifolia, or Typha angustifolia, Yanlong Lake, in China. The aim of this study was to explore the ecological characteristics of macrobenthic communities in SFWs of different hydrophytes and their relationships with environmental factors. Relative importance analysis, diversity index (Shannon, Pielou, Margalef) analysis, and correlation analysis were used in this study. Fourteen macrobenthic species were found (i.e., mollusk: 7, arthropod: 4, and annelida: 3). Parafossarulus striatulus, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Alocinma longicornis, and Tendipes sp. were the predominant species in the study areas. The population density and biomass of these species varied according to the major hydrophyte in each SFW. The annual average density of macrobenthos in the SFWs of P. communis, Z. latifolia, and T. angustifolia was 285 ind/m², 330 ind/m², and 266 ind/m², respectively, and the annual average biomass was 25.6 g/m², 104.0 g/m², and 32.3 g/m², respectively. The highest number of species and greatest evenness among species of the macrobenthic community were found in the SFWs of Z. latifolia. These were significantly higher than those found in the SFWs of P. communis and T. angustifolia. However, there were no significant differences in the macrobenthic diversity between the SFWs of P. communis and T. angustifolia. In the SFWs of Z. latifolia, the macrobenthic biomass was significantly and positively correlated to the density of mollusks (P < 0.01), and the total density was significantly and negatively correlated to water depth (P < 0.05); the density of annelida was significantly and positively correlated to both STN (P < 0.01) and SOM (P < 0.05). This study is helpful for improving our understanding of the ecological characteristics of the macrobenthic communities in constructed wetlands and provides new insights into SFW design, management, and long-term operation.