There are similarities between a symbiotic system for coal and electricity enterprises and the mutually beneficial, symbiotic relationships between biological populations and species. To ensure stable development and improvements over time, a symbiotic system for the coal and electricity industries should balance the interests of mutually beneficial and symbiotic enterprises. This study considered the evolutionary theory regarding symbiosis and the notions of competition and cooperation between species, and used the output of each enterprise in the coal industry as exogenous variables to examine the evolution of the symbiotic system in a similar framework. A logistic model describing the competition and cooperation between enterprises in terms of growth was constructed. After the conditions for stability were clarified, the evolution of a symbiotic system for the coal and electricity industries was simulated by a game theoretic coevolution analysis. Several conclusions were drawn from the analysis. (1) The stability of a symbiotic system for the coal and electricity industries depends not only on dispersion and agglomeration forces, but also on the comparative benefits from inside and outside of the system. To a large extent, this stability depends not only on the decisive role played by the core businesses, but also on the efforts and measures taken by related companies for entrance into the system. In addition, stability is strongly related to the initial output of each enterprise, competitiveness, cooperation, output growth, etc. (2) To achieve long-term sustainable development, a symbiotic system for the coal and electricity industries must maintain complementary architectures and higher production activity.