We aimed to evaluate the effects changes in national forest policy and woodland management regulations on community succession, and population size, density and structure of Sinocalycanthus chinensis (Cheng et S.Y. Chang) Cheng et S.Y. Chang. Population structure and community characteristics were recorded over the whole distribution of the species and compared with previous studies. Due to the implementation of new national forestry policies (Grain for Green, Natural Forest Conservation, the establishment of nature reserves, etc.), as well as changes in woodland management in the past two decades, S. chinensis communities vary in their state of succession. These differences among communities have significant effects on the maintenance and development of natural populations of S. chinensis. Populations DMS (Daming Shan), XK (Xikeng), BSW (Baishui Wu), and DJK (Daojiu Kou) are relatively stable in terms of age composition and habitat. These communities have been at the tree stage or climax stage for a long time and are relatively stable, having achieved a balance in interspecific competition. Population ZY (Ziyuan) appears to be in serious decline. This community has undergone succession from shrub stage to shrub-tree stage and growth of evergreen trees, which previously belonged to the same shrub layer as S. chinensis, gradually resulted in formation of a canopy that limits growth and reproduction of S. chinensis, even causing death of some individuals. In this region, S. chinensis populations will gradually decline and eventually become locally extinct. LTS (Longtang Shan) and XGP (Xigu Ping) populations are located in communities at the early tree stage of community succession, and these populations are at risk of extinction due to the gradual disappearance of suitable habitat. Although SSB (Shuangshibian) and JGP (Jingguo Ping) populations are compose of abundant, densely distributed individuals and are reproducing well, they are most sensitive to human disturbance. If human disturbances increase, the structure of these populations will change dramatically and they face significant risk of extinction. As is the case with many other species with the specialized habitat requirements, community succession has a large influence on the fate of populations.