Liangshui Nature Reserve lies in the eastern part of Dalidailing Mountain, a branch of the Xiao Xing'an Mountains in Heilongjiang province in the eastern part of northeast China. Characterized by low mountains and hills, the reserve is situated at the eastern edge of Eurasia. The typical temperate continental monsoon climate is characterized by long, cold, snowy winters and short, cool, rainy summers. The original broad-leaved Korean pine forest, the main forest type in the reserve, is well preserved here, with paleo-floristic and faunal elements and typical community phytogenesis. The reserve has a diversity of forest types. The butterfly species in Liangshui Nature Reserve were studied based on samples collected in four forest types: original broad-leaved Korean pine forest, plantation forest, natural secondary forest, and shrub meadow. In the survey, the net catching method was the main method to collect samples of insects, and samples were then identified in the laboratory. Seven butterfly families, 47 genera, and 76 species were identified from a total of 1438 specimens. The Nymphalidae was the dominant family in all four habitats. Analysis of similarity showed that the types of butterfly communities observed were closely related to the vegetation types. The diversity, specific richness, dominance, evenness indices, and species-abundance relationship within the four kinds of habitats were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that changes in environmental quality influenced the diversity of the butterfly communities, and butterfly community diversity indices were lowest in the shrub meadow habitat. The butterfly community of the original broad-leaved Korean pine forest had the highest diversity index; the species richness and evenness indices were relatively high in this community, while the dominance index was the lowest among the four kinds of habitats. Additionally, the species rank abundance fits a lognormal distribution; this type of model shows the environment in this area is of superior quality for the survival of butterflies; the most suitable for butterflies to survive and thrive. In the shrub meadow habitat, the diversity and the species richness and evenness indices of the butterfly community were the lowest among the four kinds of habitats, while the dominance index was the highest. The species rank abundance fits a logarithmic series distribution. This type of model reflects the plant community structure of a single species. The shrub meadow habitat lacks the resources that provide suitable habitat for all kinds of butterflies to survive and thrive; the simple plant community here resulted in relatively poor habitat quality for many species. The species richness and diversity indices of the butterfly community in the natural secondary forest were higher than those in the plantation forest. Additionally, the evenness index of the butterfly community in natural secondary forest was lower than that in the plantation forest. Nevertheless, the species rank abundance of the butterfly community fits a logarithmic series distribution in the natural secondary forest while the butterfly community of the plantation forest is lognormal; that is, during afforestation, the composition of tree species in the forest changed in a way that is conducive to the healthy development of the forest.