In order to investigate the effect of row spacing and seed distribution patterns on canopy environment and biomass production of late-sowing winter wheat in the North China Plain, the high-yield cultivar, Jimai 22, was sown in late October 2011-2012 and 2012-2013,with three row spacings (10, 15, and 20 cm) and two seed distribution patterns (random and uniform distribution) within the row. Canopy structure and environment, individual plant traits, biomass accumulation, and yield components were measured. The results showed higher total leaf area and canopy relative humidity, lower canopy temperature, and canopy light leakage in narrow row spacing and uniform seed distribution than in wide row spacing and random seed distribution respectively, under the same sowing rates. With reducing row spacing or improving seed uniformity within the rows, individual plant trait variability decreased, ear distribution uniformity, post-anthesis biomass accumulation, grain weight per ear, and finally grain yield increased. Grain yield in 10-cm row spacing was higher than that in 15-cm row spacing and significantly higher than that in 20-cm row spacing; the yield in uniform seed distribution was significantly higher than that in random seed distribution in 15-cm or 20-cm row spacing. Based on the comprehensive study, it is concluded that combining narrow row spacing and uniform sowing is an effective approach to increase grain yield of late-sowing winter wheat in North China Plain.