The economic zone on the western bank of Taiwan Straits represents one of the key development regions for the future under the national development strategic planning. The sustainable development of the economic zone requires the improved our understanding of the current status of ecological landscapes and their changes in the past within the region. The target of this study covers 143440 km² in area, including 9 cities in Fujian Province, 3 cities in Guangdong Provinces, and 1 city in Zhejiang Province within the economic zone on the western bank of Taiwan Straits. We quantified landscape pattern metrics with land use and cover (LUC) data derived from the Landsat TM imagery acquired in 2000 and 2005 and from HJ-1 imagery acquired in 2010. We computed changes in landscape pattern and performed statistical analysis with the SPSS program to determine driving forces for the landscape dynamics. Our results indicated that the area of agriculture land, wetland, and grassland was decreasing due to the expansion of urban land area between 2000 and 2010. The most noteworthy decrease in area was observed in agriculture land, whose area was reduced by 14.0%. At the same time, the area of urban land increased by 38.6%. The values of largest patch index (LPI) decreased for all the LUC types except for urban land, which underwent a steep increase from 0.1 to 0.4 in LPI. Urban land became the dominant landscape element in 2010. The values of landscape shape index (LSI) slightly increased for all the LUC types except for agriculture land, which experienced a sharp decrease from 325.1 to 315.9 in LSI. The values of mean patch area (Area_MN) varied slightly for all the LUC types except for forestland, which showed a noticeable increase from 560.6 to 787.6 in Area_MN. We choose the economic factors and policy factors to analyze what drove the landscape dynamics in the economic zone on the western bank of Taiwan Straits from 2000 to 2010. We found that the two factors jointly contributed to the landscape dynamics in the study area. The growth in human population and the reduction in agricultural land represented the major conflict for the economic zone. The future economic development on the western bank of Taiwan Straits will be more sustainable if the continuous shrinking of agriculture land is under control in the region. At the same time, ecological resources need to be improved, environmental-friendly development should be encouraged, and long-term strategic planning needs to be enhanced.