The pattern of a landscape is formed by a spatial mosaic arrangement of natural and/or man-made structures of differing sizes and shapes. It is not only the manifestation of landscape heterogeneity, but also the consequence of various ecological processes that interfere on different scales. Studying the dynamic changes of landscapes can help determine potential order within apparently chaotic patterns, and reveal the mechanisms of interaction between landscape patterns and ecological processes. This facilitates the simulation, forecasting, and control of the direction, process, and effects of landscape pattern change. However, in recent decades, because of the increase in anthropogenic activities and urbanization, the conflict between humans and land has become increasingly prominent. Many scholars have exploited the development of RS and GIS technology to analyze the mechanisms of landscape pattern change. The scientific management of landscape patterns can be useful both in facilitating the protection of the environment and in encouraging sustainable development of ecological systems. This paper provides a case study of the lower reaches of the Liaohe River Plain, which is one of the areas of most intense human development in northeastern China. It has an enormous population and a long history of land development. Following the recent rapid development of the regional economy, the landscape patterns have changed dramatically in the study area with accelerated soil erosion just one consequence of the intense development. Therefore, for sustainable development and management of landscape patterns, the analysis of the driving mechanisms behind landscape pattern change in the lower reaches of Liaohe River Plain is urgently required. In this study, an index system of the driving mechanisms behind landscape evolution in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River Plain is built with consideration of two aspects: natural driving forces and anthropogenic driving forces. The former includes precipitation, temperature, elevation, and gradient. Anthropogenic driving forces are based on four aspects: 1) the contemporary human condition, 2) economic progress, 3) standard of living, and 4) standards of science and technology. By extracting information on the spatial distribution of landscape pattern in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River Plain, using TM images from 1986 to 2010, we analyze the relationships behind landscape pattern change over a period of nearly 30 years. We use ArcGIS software as the assessment platform and use the GIS-Logistic coupling model to assess the mechanisms driving landscape pattern evolution. The results indicate that cultivated land is the main landscape type within the study area, and that this area initially increases, but then decreases during the study period. However, ecologic functional land, such as woodland and grassland, initially decrease and then increase, whereas areas of construction land continually increase. The results of the regression model analysis show that the driving factors and their influences on the evolution of landscape pattern have certain differences. Overall, the effects of anthropogenic driving forces on the pattern of landscape change are more obvious than natural factors on the small and medium scale. Population, economic development, level of urbanization, and technology can play significant roles in the evolution of landscape patterns.