Establishing the potential of rural biomass energy resources is of great significance to the development and construction of rural energy infrastructure in Nantong. Based on a case study of the city of Nantong, and by using the residue to product ratio, the conversion coefficient to standard energy, and the collection coefficient according to the actual situation of the energy-oriented biomass resources of Nantong, this article provides a comprehensive estimate of the quantities of the many types of biomass energy resource available at the county level. These include, among others, crop straw, the residue of agricultural processes, the waste of humans and animals and so on. There are a number of observations that can be made based on these results, as follows. (1) There are about 1.05 million tons of energy-oriented straw resources available in Nantong annually, and these resources mainly include rice straw, wheat straw, and rape straw. There are 0.02 million tons of energy-oriented residue from agricultural processes comprising, amongst other things, rice hulls, corn cobs, and cottonseed. Humans and animals contribute about 1.08 million tons of energy-oriented waste, which is mainly from pig manure and bird guano, accounting for about half of the total resource available. (2) Nantong is rich in biomass resources with 2.33 million tons of energy-oriented biomass resources available annually, and the total amount is increasing. It is expected that available biomass resources will increase to 2.4 million tons in a short period. (3) These biomass resources are distributed very unevenly geographically and they tend to be concentrated mainly in Rudong County, Haian County, and Rugao City, where the economy is weaker than in other counties. Examining the total biomass resource of Nantong and the quantity of biomass resource produced per unit land area and per capita, it is established that the most important sources of biomass energy resources are from animal and human waste, and from the straw resources of Haian County because of the large-scale livestock breeding and crop farming in that area. The straw resources found in Rudong County also play an important role. (4) Furthermore, the biomass energy resource has a seasonal distribution. This mainly reflects the availability of the straw resources, of which about 60% to 75% of the annual amount is produced in fall and spring,whereas it is rare in summer and winter. Thus, to some extent, this makes it more difficult for Nantong to fully exploit and sustainably use its rural biomass energy resources. Therefore, the author suggests that biomass resources should be exploited in accordance with local conditions of each county. The development of the infrastructure and the use of the resources should be approached scientifically and rationally to avoid competition between these counties. Furthermore, the straw resources should be collected, transported, and stored in a timely manner to ensure waste of biomass resources is prevented and to counter serious environmental pollution. From the author's perspective, all these measures will help the healthy development and construction of rural energy infrastructure in Nantong.