The development of landscape pattern and driving forces are hot issues in the field of geography and ecosphere. Landscape pattern index is the important indicator to reflect the landscape structure, composition and spatial configuration characteristics indicators, landscape pattern. The Sanjiang Plain is a low floodplain, located in Heilongjiang Province of Northeast China. Influenced by natural factors and human agricultural development factors, the landscape pattern of the Sanjiang Plain has been changed seriously in the past 60 years. In this study, we analyzed the Sanjiang Plain landscape pattern dynamics and driving forces from 1954 to 2010 by using geo-information system (GIS) and mathematical statistics, based on the remote sensing images as the main source of information. The results showed that the cultivated land area, water area and the residential lands presented a tendency of increase, while the forestland, grassland and wetland decrease from 1954 to 2010. The significant reduction of wetlands mainly distributed in northeast and southeast of the Sanjiang Plain. The loss forestland occured mainly in the northeastern and south-central parts of the study area. In 2010, only a small amount of grassland remained along the rivers in the Sanjiang Plain. The increased cultivated lands mainly changed from the wetlands and grasslands reclamation, which mainly distributed in north and east parts of the study area. The comprehensive dynamic degree of land use showed the tendency of firstly increased, then decreased and finally increased, with the highest values between 1976 and 1986, and the lowest values between 1986 and 1995. The patch density, perimeter area ratio, landscape isolation index and Simpson's diversity index showed a downward trend after the first rise, with the minimum values in 2010. The maximum value of patch density and perimeter area ratio appeared in 1976, while the maximum value of landscape isolation index and Simpson's diversity index appeared in 1986. The high values zone of patch density and perimeter area ratio transferred from the northeast to the southwest of the Sanjiang Plain from 1954 to 2010, but the low values zone transferred from the middle to the east. The landscape division index showed firstly accumulation and then dispersion. Natural and human factors are main factors causing the variation of the Sanjiang Plain landscape pattern dynamics. The natural factors included air temperature, rainfall and runoff. The average air temperature appeared the trend of increase while rainfall and runoff decrease. Human factors are the main reasons of landscape pattern dynamics in the Sanjiang Plain, which including population growth, urbanization, farm development, protection area construction, laws and policies. The study provided scientific basis for l landscape planning wetland protection and management.