Luehdorfia taibai is mainly found in specific localities on the south slopes of Taibai Mountain. Its host plant is Saruma henryi, but the larvae can also eat some species of Asarum and Aristolochia during starvation. It is an endemic species in China and its population is small and declining. In this paper,we record and analyze the life history, behavior, life table, ovipositional environment requirements and essential factor of the habitat of Luehdorfia taibai in its wild state. Finally, we analyze the causes it is endangered and develop a protection plan. It is univoltine and overwinter as pupae, the pupal period lasts about 300 days. Adults emerge in April. After eclosion adults then take flight and look for nectar plants along the river way. Nectar plants include Cerasus pseudocerasus, C. polytricha, Delphinium giraldii and others. When adults are captured, they flap and gradually lost vitality until they die. This is similar to the stress reaction of some birds, and most severe in gravid females. There are at most 54 fertilized eggs in a female adult, but there are fewer than 30 eggs in a cluster. The larvae remain together in the first and second instar. They then diffuse to avoid predators in the dead leaf layer after the third stage. They pupate on a dead leaf or in a crack in the stone at stage 5. Predation by natural enemies and a low pupation rate are the main factors limiting their population size. Their ovipositional environment is summarized as follows: elevation usually between 1000-1400 m above sea level, forest canopy density less than 60%, host plant density less than 2 per square meter, with substrate of a thick layer of dead leaves. There is also a natal habitat preference induction due to the female choosing the ovipositional environment. Adults choose areas that are open with more nectar plants to visit, the flowers attracting mates to copulate; this environment is different from the ovipositional environment.Key factors that negatively affect the population of Luehdorfia taibai are high canopy density, habitat loss and deterioration, and collecting. These key factors differ on the south slope and north slope of the Qinling Mountains. On the northern slope of Qinling Mountain, too little human disturbance results in the secondary forest being extremely dense and this negatively affects the adults' activity of visiting flowers, copulation, egg laying and host plant survival. In contrast, on the southern slope of Qinling Mountain, too much human disturbance including lumbering and gardening are leading to the loss and deterioration of habitat. Since there is some collection of eggs and larvae on both the northern and southern slopes, we can take limited actions to protect Luehdorfia taibai. In the situations where there is a high canopy density, we can introduce regular coppicing and grazing. Because felling of too many canopy trees is unpractical and prohibited, it is only necessary to open a few areas to provide habitat patches. On the southern slope of the Qinling where there is habitat destruction, we must carry out strict labor management and use artificial propagation to restore the habitat and increase the population. Moreover, the government must strictly prohibit the collection of the eggs and larvae of Luehdorfia taibai.