As the primary producers in the wetland, wetland plants play an important role in wetland ecosystem. The plant diversity in some wetlands of Anhui province was reported in previous studies. However, the flora of vascular plants and the vegetation diversity in wetlands of Anhui province were still unclear. For protection and rational utilization of the plant resources, the diversity of vascular plants in wetlands of Anhui province, and the main wetland vegetation types and their classification system were fully analyzed in this paper. The results showed that: (1) The vascular plant composition was relatively rich and the total 682 species belonged to 95 families and 303 genera. Among them there were about 10 families, 11 genera, 16 species in Pteridophyta, 2 families, 5 genera, 7 species in Gymnosperm, 62 families, 208 genera, 451 species in Dicotyledoneae and 21 families, 79 genera, 208 species in Monocotyledoneae. This flora is mainly composed of herbage and the phenomena of preponderant families and genera are obviously with Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae and Polygonaceae being dominant families. The preponderant genera included Polygonum, Carex, Potamogeton, Fimbristylis, Cyperus. The percentage of the genera including only 1 species or 2-5 species was accounted for 93.4%. (2) At family level, there were 7 distribution types. At genus level, there were 13 distribution types. The temperate elements were more than the tropic ones (118/108), indicating the character of the flora transferring from tropical to temperate. The floristic geographical components were multiform and the distribution type was various. This phenomenon was the result of the broad latitudes and diversified habitats in Anhui. (3) Based on the classification principle and system of China wetland vegetation, combining with the environmental and community characteristics of Anhui wetland vegetation, the wetland vegetation in Anhui could be divided into 3 vegetation type groups, 7 vegetation types, 7 vegetation sub-types and 141 formations.