Accurate estimation of carbon stock and sequestration of forests is a key in evaluating forest function in CO₂ mitigation in responding to the climatic change because it holds the largest carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. The complex biological and ecological characters of bamboo hinder such an effort, yet there exists an urgent need doing so due to its widespread, fast growth, high productivity, and multiple uses in Southern China. Here we report a comprehensive study on carbon production and storage, with systematic and accurate accounting of carbon density, storage and spatial distribution in a bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest in Sichuan province using the biometric approach. We found that: (1) difference in carbon density among ages and organs in stumpage bamboo was not significant, with a mean of 472.82 g/kg. The range of carbon density of bamboo organs varied from 462.37 to 480.68 g/kg, with a descending order of sheath, rhizome, branch, stem, leaf, root. The soil carbon density was 15.77 g/kg, but varied significantly among layers. The carbon density was 379.96 g/kg and 377.66 g/kg, respectively, in the understory vegetation and the litter. (2) Carbon storage of the bamboo stand was 40.920 t/hm², with 21.07 t/hm² (51.49% of the total). The bamboo leaves contained the smallest amount (1.78 t/hm², or 4.35%). At our study site, the three-year old bamboo had higher proportion than the other aged stems, accounted for 19.91%. Above and belowground carbon accounted for 65.39% and 34.61%, respectively. The carbon storage of stumpage bamboo had the same distribution among various ages and organs. (3) The carbon storage in the top 30 cm was 113.54 t/hm² (69.02%). (4) The total carbon storage of the stand was 156.57 t/hm², which is partitioned into 113.54 t/hm² (72.52%), 40.92 t/hm² (26.14%) and 0.52 t/hm² (0.33%) in the soil, stumpage bamboo and understory, respectively. Although there is great differences in carbon storage between P. edulis and the other bamboos, the spatial distribution seemed similar. (5) Carbon sequestration of P. edulis stand was 9.43 t · hm² · a^-1, which is equivalent to 34.57 t/hm² of CO₂.