群落水平食物网能流季节演替特征
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中国科学院水生生物研究所

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(31170439);国家科技重大专项资助项目(2012ZX07101-001-04)


Seasonal dynamics of food web energy pathways at the community-level
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Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences

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    摘要:

    稳定碳、氮同位素比值分析技术是研究生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的有效技术。δ13C可以用来判断食物网中不同生物的能量来源;δ15N主要用于确定生物在食物网中所处的营养位置。通常用δ13C-δ15N图来表征某一特定时间或空间的食物网结构,但是这种方法在比较不同时间和空间食物网结构中功效较差。同时这种定性描述食物网结构也无法满足食物网复杂变化下的假说验证。应用环形统计方法,以太湖梅梁湾鱼类群落为例,定量评价了群落水平食物网能流季节演替特征。结果表明太湖梅梁湾鱼类营养生态位移动的季节特征明显。进一步物种水平分析结果表明,各种鱼类角度和幅度随季节均有变化。Rayleigh检验结果表明,群落中不同种类在秋冬、冬春和夏秋均有显著的一致的方向变化;而春夏期间不显著。Watson-William检验结果表明,群落水平的鱼类营养生态位移动在秋冬和冬春季节转换中有显著差异。引起鱼类群落水平营养生态位在食物网空间中季节性移动的主要因素为可利用资源稳定同位素的季节变化和不同鱼类种群自身的食性季节性转变。同时,由于梅梁湾食物网鱼类群落杂食性水平高,季节性浮游初级生产力成为食物网能量流动的重要驱动作用。因此,在富营养化生态系统中,食物网群落水平营养生态位季节波动也暗示了系统稳定性的下降。定量评价食物网变化有助于认识和理解食物网结构与功能在生态学和生态系统管理等方面的重要。

    Abstract:

    Stable isotopes analysis, especially carbon and nitrogen, are now commonly used to study material circulation and energy flow within ecosystems. Carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) are used to trace food sources of consumers, while nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) are mainly used to quantify trophic levels of organisms. Traditionally, δ13C vs. δ15N bi-plots have been used to describe food web structure for a single time period or ecosystem, but this method show less power in comparisons of food webs across time and space. Meanwhile, simple qualitative descriptions of food webs cannot test hypotheses regarding food web complex changes. Here we present statistical methodologies for quantitatively comparing stable isotope food web data. We demonstrate the utility of circular statistics and hypothesis tests for quantifying directional food web differences using a case study, a freshwater fish community from Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, over seasons. We used arrow diagrams for angle of change for fishes along a gradient of seasons, in which each arrow represents a single species and the direction in trophic niche space the species moved. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of change for that particular species. Concentric circles correspond to magnitude of change. The straight line is the mean vector of change among all species; the curved line on the rim indicates the 95% confidence interval around the mean vector of change. Directional change (magnitude and angle) and statistics quantifying change in isotope niche space for fish communities were also calculated. Based on these results, we found that most species from the freshwater fish community showed statistically significant shift in the same direction in food web space toward more pelagic-based production except summer to autumn seasons. In support of these patterns, the Rayleigh's test indicated significant pattern of consistent change among species in autumn to winter, winter to spring and spring to summer seasons. The Watson-William's test for comparison of the community in different time indicated that significant difference between the directional change in the fish community between autumn to winter and winter to spring seasons. Seasonal dynamics of food web energy pathways at the community-level in the current study was attributed to seasonal dynamics of stable isotope composition of available resources and foraging shifts of fish species. Meanwhile, because of the high omnivory in fish community in the current system, temporal variations in pelagic primary productivity strongly drive the energy flows in local food web. Therefore, seasonal dynamics of food web energy pathways at the community-level in eutrophic ecosystem may imply the decrease of food web stability in this eutrophic system with the dynamics of resource availability. As an understanding of food web structure and functioning is of growing importance in ecology theory and ecosystem management, our study demonstrate the quantifying food web differences from the standard stable isotope analysis.

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徐军,周琼,温周瑞,谢平.群落水平食物网能流季节演替特征.生态学报,2013,33(15):4658~4664

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