China is undergoing an intensive urbanization process characterized by a more complex urban structure and increasingly severe anthropogenic disturbance to urban ecological processes and functions. Urban ecosystem is both a unity of human-environmental interactions, and a special artificial ecosystem constructed by human adaption, processing and transformation of the natural environment. The complexity of the urban ecosystem is based not only on the complex structure and process of the natural, economic and social subsystems, but also in different features and processes of municipal management. Thus, a healthy urban ecosystem will help to achieve the coordinated development of the city, economy and environment, and vice versa. In this study, we first classified the data derived from the grid-based digital urban municipal supervision and management system of Dongcheng District, Beijing. Then, combined with the information extracted from topographic and thematic maps of this area, we analysed urban ecosystem characteristics of Dongcheng District and its relationships with human activities from two points of view. Taking a municipal supervision and management point of view, we extracted data from municipal supervision and management information and classified the management component problems into public facilities, transportation, city appearance, landscaping, building land and other factors. From an urban environmental management point of view, the extracted data were classified into seven categories according to urban environmental function: water, soil, air, noise, light pollution, waste, and ecological degradation. Then, we combined the analysis of urban environmental management components problems and urban environmental management using data from the urban municipal supervision and management information system. Finally, we explored the complexity and regularity of the composition and spatial distribution of the urban ecosystem in Dongcheng District, in an attempt to clarify the complex relationship between urban ecosystem and human activities in this area to provide references for management of the urban ecosystem.