It is well known that the Great Xingan Mountain forest region is one of the most important parts of the northeast forest region. Not only does it serve as an important resource for lumber, it also is an important ecological regulator that keeps balance in this area. Fires are common disturbances in this area. Severe fires can cause enormous losses, and can significantly change the structure of the forest ecosystem and disturb its succession process. In order to help the forest recover from such disturbances, it is necessary to study the restoration of soil quality, which can directly affect the forest restoration process. Soil microorganisms, which are common residents in soil, can interact with soil environment during the process of soil quality restoration. They are very sensitive to the changes in soil quality, thus serving as very useful indicators of soil quality. Among many environmental factors, topographic factors, such as slope and aspect, are very important to the restoration of forest soil quality. They affect the distribution of other environmental factors (such as light, heat, water, soil, etc.), and further affect ecological processes in various degrees. In this study we focused on the response of microbial populations to changes in the soil environment of different topographic factors (such as slope and aspect) in recently severe burned areas in the Great Xingan Mountain, where the restoration was at the early regeneration stage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of slope and aspect on soil microbial biomass distribution, soil microbial community structure, and soil microbial functional diversity in these areas. Soil samples were collected from severly burned forest sites (2003 fires) with different slopes and aspects. Standard experimental methods were used to measure typical physical and chemical indicators, such as total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil moisture (SM), soil available nitrogen (AN), and electrical conductance (EC). Fumigation, extraction, and Biolog methods were used to detect soil microbial biomass, soil microbial community structure, and soil microbial functional diversity, respectively. Our results showed that soil microorganism biomass carbon (MBC) on flat land is higher than that on sloped lands. The ratio between soil microorganism biomass carbon and microorganism biomass nitrogen (MBN) has the same pattern, with the flat land having a significantly higher value (9.49) than that of the sloped land (6.76). Soil microorganism metabolic activities and carbon use capacities of microorganism community, which are assessed by average well-color development (AWCD), however, showed different patterns. That is, the value of AWCD on flat land was significantly lower than that on the sloped land, with values of 0.39 and 1.21 on the flat land and sloped land, respectively. Four types of carbon source use capacities and the Shannon-Weiner index of diversity (H') of microorganism community exhibited a pattern similar to AWCD. AWCD and H' values were higher on west (facing) slopes than those on south slopes, but data analysis showed that AWCD and H' have no significant correlations with soil nutrition, pH or electricity conductance (EC), which suggests that aspect might not be closely related with soil microorganism metabolic activities and diversity of microorganism community. Soil microorganism community structures on these two aspects showed similarity. Slope influenced the soil nutrition and water supply condition of different areas, which can affect soil microorganism biomass, soil microbial community structure, and soil microbial functional diversity in these areas. In the early restoration stages of severely burned areas, MBC values on the flat land were higher than those on slope land, and those on west slopes were higher than those on south slopes. Differences in MBC are not significant among these areas after rehabilitation for 6 years. However, soil microbial community structure and soil microbial functional diversity are still significantly different which might due to different soil water content caused by different slope.