钝叶柃不同性别花的花部形态与传粉特征比较
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三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室

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重庆市重点科技项目(CSTC,2008BB5256)


Comparison of floral morphology and pollination characteristics between the sexes in Eurya obtusifolia
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Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region Ministry of education,Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region Ministry of education,Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region Ministry of education,Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region Ministry of education

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    摘要:

    据有关资料记载,柃属(Eurya Thunb.)植物属于雌雄异株植物,目前仅在柃木(Eurya japonica Thunb.)中有过两性花的报道。近年的调查发现,钝叶柃(Eurya obtusifolia H. T. Chang)也有性别变异,存在两性花。在对其性别特征及功能研究的基础上,进一步跟踪了钝叶柃的开花和传粉过程,对不同性别花的花部形态和传粉特征进行了比较分析。在重庆市北碚区选取了4个样地,测定了花部形态、花朵朝向、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉对水的耐受性、单花花粉量和单花泌蜜体积等形态和传粉相关指标,并对其开花动态、传粉昆虫种类和昆虫传粉行为进行了仔细观察,还进行了套袋试验。结果发现钝叶柃不同性别花的花部形态和传粉特征既有一些共同点,又存在着明显差异,性别变异株则呈现出雌雄植株间的过渡特征。钝叶柃是一种花期短,花小而多,开花同步性高的植物,雌花和雄花色味相同。该植物的主要传粉方式为虫媒,主要传粉者为两种蜜蜂科昆虫,但风媒也在其传粉中起着一定作用。该植物不同性别花的主要差异有:1)雄花呈灯笼状,花瓣不反卷,雌花辐射状,花瓣反卷;2)雄花较雌花大;3)雄花倾向于垂直朝下,雌花倾向于斜向下朝向枝条末端;4)雌花寿命较雄花长。钝叶柃在开花和传粉上的许多特征都在一定程度上体现了其对雌雄异株性系统的适应。相应地,传粉者在不同性别植株上的行为也存在一定差异。钝叶柃不同性别花在形态上的差异是其周围各种生物因素及非生物因素共同作用的结果,其中传粉昆虫和雨水的选择可能在这些差异的塑造中起着重要作用。

    Abstract:

    Flowering and pollination are important processes for reproduction of flowering plants, especially for the dioecious ones. Until now, flowering and pollination of Eurya plants have not been reported. Plants of this genus are described as dioecy in most of the literatures. Hermaphrodite flowers had only been reported in Eurya japonica Thunb.. In our recent study, gender variation was found in Eurya obtusifolia H. T. Chang,as well as hermaphrodite flowers. After primary investigation of its floral structure and function gender, floral morphology and pollination characteristics were studied in detail through field and lab. observation.
    We set four plots in Beibei District, Chongqing (one plot at Xishanpin, three others at Jinyun Mountain). Indicators related to floral morphology and pollination, such as size of flower structures, flower orientation, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollen resistance to water, pollen amount and nectar volume of a single flower, as well as flowering dynamics, the pollinator species, and the pollination behavior were observed or determined. The bagging experiments were also carried out at the same time. The findings were as below. E. obtusifolia is a species with short florescence, small but massive blossoms and highly-synchronous flowering, the color and the smell of both sexes of which are the same. The pollination of this species is mainly entomophilous, which depend on two Apidae insects. Insect pollination is relatively dominating compared to wind pollination(anemophilous), which plays a tiny role.
    The male and the female of E. obtusifolia have some similar characteristics, but also have many obvious differences in respect of the floral morphology and the pollination character. The main differences are as follows: 1) The male flower is lantern-like with non-reflexed petals, while the female flower is radial with reflexed petals. 2) The male possesses significantly bigger flowers compared to the male. 3) The flower apex of the males tends to vertically downwards, while which of the female tends to obliquely downward to the terminal of the branch. 4) The female flower lives longer than the male one. Accordingly, the pollinators behave differently on two sexes. The gender variant individuals present some transitional traits between the male and the female. For E. obtusifolia, many features on the flowering and the pollination reflect its adaptibility to the dioecy sexual system to some extent.
    Morphological differences between the male and the female of E. obtusifolia have been resulted from various biotic and abiotic factors in surrounding, of which, pollinator and rain selection might play important roles.

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王茜,邓洪平,丁博,周光林.钝叶柃不同性别花的花部形态与传粉特征比较.生态学报,2012,32(12):3921~3930

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