火烧对黔中喀斯特山地马尾松林土壤理化性质的影响
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贵州省科技厅资助项目(黔科合院所创新力2009-4002; 黔科合S字2007-1021)


Influence of fire on a Pinus massoniana soil in a karst mountain area at the center of Guizhou Province, China
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    摘要:

    在黔中喀斯特山地马尾松人工次生林内取样分析火烧和对照样地间土壤理化指标的变化,研究了火烧对林地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明马尾松火烧林地表层土壤毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度升高、最大持水量和最小持水量增加,土壤密度和非毛管孔隙度降低、土壤质量含水量和体积含水量减少;土壤有机质、全N量、全P量、全K量,水解N量、有效P量、速效K量、交换性盐基量和pH值增大,阳离子交换量降低。林火对马尾松林地土壤主要理化指标影响的趋势为或表层土壤影响率大于剖面影响率、或表层土壤影响率小于剖面影响率,不同指标在土壤剖面的变化趋势或增加、或降低,对数或幂函数拟合曲线均达相关显著性水平。火烧和对照样地间的表层土壤理化指标变化主要反映了林火影响,近岩层土壤理化指标变化主要是成土母质在空间上的分异,也受生物的影响。乔木层植株死亡率同表层土壤最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量和全N量的正相关性显著,同土壤密度的负相关性显著;灌木层植株死亡率同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量、全N量、全P量和速效K量的负相关性达显著或极显著水平;灌木层生物损失量同表层土壤密度和有机质量正相关显著,同速效K量的负相关性显著,枯物层生物损失量同pH值的正相关性显著。火烧马尾松林分平均胸径同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量和有机质量的负相关性显著。

    Abstract:

    The worst drought in 100 years in southwest China occurred in the winter-spring period in the year of 2009-2010, causing forest fires as a secondary disaster. The effect of fire on the physicochemical properties of soil in a artificial secondary forest of Pinus massoniana in the center of Guizhou Province, China was investigated. The trees had an average diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5.6 to 19.4 cm, an average height of 4.11 to 18.60 m, and average density of 500 to 2400 clumps/hm2, and were studied using a comparison of burnt and unburnt plots in a karst mountain area covered by a Quaternary clay. In the surface soil (depth determined by the influence of the fire) of the burnt plots, capillary porosity and total porosity increased, and the soil bulk density and non-capillary porosity decreased, becoming 104.0, 102.2, 96.0 and 79.9% of their previous values, respectively. The water content of the soil quality and soil volume, and the maximum and minimum values of the soil's water holding capacity were 92.5, 86.9, 110.0, and 111.4% respectively. Also, the relative amount of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium and the pH increased to 130.8, 138.0, 148.7, 108.3, and 101.6% of their previous values, respectively, while the cation exchange capacity was reduced to 74.2%. In contrast, the relative amount of hydrophilic dissolved organic nitrogen, effective phosphorus, available potassium and exchangeable bases were increased, being 185.7, 301.7, 201.3 and 109.7%, respectively. As a result of the forest fire, the organic matter carbonized, soil biota was reduced, the soil aggregates collapsed and the soil water stability was reduced with changes in the osmotic potential; hence, the texture was degraded in the surface soil. Because of the carbonization of the organic matter of the different litter layers of the burnt forest, a considerable amount of ash, small carbon particles and organic debris covered the surface soil, and infiltrated into the soil through the action of gravity and rain, and as a result the fertility of the surface soil increased. There were two changing trends for soil physicochemical properties: one of them was the influencing factors of the surface soil (IFS) which were much greater than those for the profile soil (IFP), and included variables such as soil bulk density, capillary porosity, total porosity, water contents of soil quality or soil volume, the maximum or minimum water holding capacities, the amount of soil organic matter, total phosphorus, total potassium, hydrophilic dissolved organic nitrogen, available potassium and pH value; the other was when soil properties representing IFS were less than the IFP, such as non-capillary porosity, the amount of total nitrogen, and effective phosphorus, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable bases in the burnt amd non-burnt forest soil. Physicochemical indices of the burnt and non-burnt forest soil rose or fell in the soil profile, and trends simulated either the power or logarithmic curve well. The changes in the physicochemical indices between the burnt and unburnt forest in the surface soil reflected mainly the impact of the fire, and mirrored chiefly the difference of the natural soil properties and the effect of the biological community on the regolith. The coefficients for the relationships between the plant dead ratio of tree layer and the surface soil bulk density (R=-0.8250*, r0.05=0.7545, the same was as follows), the maximum and minimum water holding capacity, (R=0.7615* and R=0.7689*, respectively), the amount of organic matter, (R=0.9035* *, r0.01=0.8745, the same was as follows) and total nitrogen (R=0.7558*) were remarkable. The dependence coefficients of the plant dead ratio of shrub layer to the surface soil bulk density (R=0.8547*), capillary porosity (R=-0.7597*), total porosity (R=-0.7629*), water content of soil quality (R=-0.7593*), maximum and minimum water holding capacities (R=-0.9573* * and R=-0.9124* *, respectively), the amount of organic matter (R=-0.9436* *), total nitrogen (R=-0.8335*), total phosphorus (R=-0.7599*), and available potassium (R=-0.7995*) were also notable. The correlation coefficients for the shrub biomass loss ratio to surface soil bulk density, amount of organic matter and available potassium were R=0.7684*, R=0.7763* and R=-0.7600*, respectively. Coefficients for the litter biomass loss to the pH value of surface soil indicated a very strong relationship existed between these two variables (R=0.7550*). In addition, the correlation coefficients for the average DBH of the burnt forest to the surface soil bulk density, capillary porosity, total porosity, water content of soil quality, maximum and minimum water holding capacities, amount of organic matter, were notable, being R=0.8085*, R=-0.8162*, R=-0.8077* and R=-0.9556* *, R=-0.9153* * and R=-0.9049* * and R=-0.8120*, respectively.

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张喜,朱军,崔迎春,霍达,王莉莉,吴鹏,陈骏,潘德权,杨春华.火烧对黔中喀斯特山地马尾松林土壤理化性质的影响.生态学报,2011,31(19):5809~5817

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