Seed dispersal is recognized as a key phase affecting plant regeneration and distribution. By acting as seed dispersal vectors, forest rodents play an essential role in this phase through their scatter hoarding behavior. Although rodents can consume a large number of seeds to meet their immediate energy requirements, they also store some seeds in scatter caches for future use to ensure overwinter survival or reproductive success. Buried seeds are more likely to germinate and survive to the seedling stage if the animal fails to recover some of the seeds; this may occur if, for instance, the animal has died or moved, or stored more than it could use. Pinus armandii, which are common and often dominant tree species in many temperate and subtropical forests, are an important food source for many wild animals. Much attention has been paid to the dispersal biology of Pinus spp.; however, knowledge of the interactions between P. armandii seeds and rodents in Qinling Mountains is still poor. The predation and dispersal of P. armandii seeds by forest rodents were investigated using plastic tags in Foping National Nature Reserve (35°0'N, 105°30'E), located in the southern aspect of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province during September-November of 2008 and 2009. Approximately 20 plots (1 m × 1 m), separated by 15 m along a transect line, were established as seed stations in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. In September of each year, 50 tagged seeds were placed at each station and seed fates were monitored on 1, 2, 3, 11 and 19 days after initial placement. During each visit, we searched the area around each station (radius < 30 m) for seeds removed by rodents and recorded their fates. The results showed that rodents imposed a strong predation pressure on P. armandii seeds in this study site. In 2008, nearly all the seeds (96.4%) were consumed by the third day, and almost half of the seeds (49.6%) were consumed by the third day in 2009. Rodents also played an important role in seed dispersal of P. armandii. In 2009, rodents scatter hoarded 17.75% seeds by the third day and 12.25% of hoarded seeds were still alive by day 19. There was a significant difference in seed dispersal of P. armandii between the two years. In 2008, almost all the seeds were consumed by rodents and the quantity of cached seeds was very small. The proportion of cached seeds was significantly greater in 2009 than in 2008. This result may be associated with mast seeding. The yield of P. armandii seeds was very low in 2008 and rodents had to consume a large number of seeds to meet their daily energy needs, leading to a reduction in storage. Whereas the yield of P. armandii seeds was very high in 2009, and there were sufficient seeds to not only meet the daily energy needs of rodents but also to hoard seeds for future use.