Calligonum roborowskii A. Los is mainly distributed in Tarim basin. It is main sand-fixing pioneer species in this region. The community structure and species diversity of natural plant communities of C. roborowskii along 5 sampling location in Tarim basin were studied by the sample-plot survey method in this paper. The results showed that: (1) The species composition of C. roborowskii community was simple and there were 11 species belonging to 10 genera of 6 families. (2) The flora of major genus belongs to Mediterranea, West Asia to Central Asia elements. (3) According to Raunkiaer's statistics of life-form, the number of Phaenerophytes life -form of this community is dominated type, followed by the Therophytes. (4) The vertical structure of community can simply be divided into shrub layer and herb layer. (5) The Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 0.808 to 1.175; Simpson index ranged from 0.489 to 0.641. The result suggested that we should pay more attention to the ecological environment of Tarim basin and give good protection to the standing plant.