Seed dressing of peanut playes an important role in full stand and achieving high and stable yield. Four different types of seed dressing agents Trichoderma harzianum (biological antifungi agent), Thiophanate-methyl (chemical fungicide,TM), Celest (chemical fungicide), Carbosulfan (chemical insecticide) were used to treat peanut seeds, and their comprehensive effects on peanut and environment were evaluated by measuring the growth and development, yield, quality of peanut, and soil microorganisms. The results are as follows: 1) All antifungi agents increased seedling rate, while Carbosulfan had less effect. All seed dressing agents promoted plant height, chlorophyll content, however the number of branches and leaves per plant reduced except for Celest; The number of rotted, insects-damaged, and germinated pod per plant were reduced while blighted pod increased, whereas number of full pod per plant increased only for Carbosulfan. 100-pod mass and 100-seed mass were significantly higher than the control, except for T. harzianum, while the fullness degree was lower than the control. In addition to slightly lower yields for T. harzianum, the others gave extremely significant increase of yield over the control. Of the treatments, TM, Celest, Carbosulfan gave rise to yield increase of 34.58%, 25.90%, 22.82% compared to the control, respectively. 2) T. harzianum had the most increase in protein and Linoleic acid content, larger increase in oil content,and the most decrease in ratio of Oleic acid/Linoleic acid(O/L); TM decreased protein and oil content mostly; Celest increased oil content and O／L mostly; Carbosulfan had a limited impact on the quality indicators. 3) With respect to the ratio of bacteria (actinomycetes) to fungi, TM kept on promoting bacteria and inhibiting fungi, while had less effect on ratio of actinomycetes to fungi; T. harzianum had significant effect on promoting bacteria and actinomycetes, and suppressing fungi at early and middle stage, but tended to the contrary at late stage; Celest produced temporary bacteria promotion and antifungal effect, and had been suppressing actinomycetes strongly; Carbosulfan had less effect. 4) Carbosulfan significantly inhibited the number of nodules (rhizobia), while T. harzianum, Celest, and TM promoted it significantly. In conclusion, the seed dressing agents had large and different combined effect on the yield, quality, root nodule, rhizosphere microorganisms, they should be used in according to sites and time. Among the investigated agents, chemical fungicides TM gave the most agronomic and environmental-microbial effects with only slight decrease in protein and oil contents, which is an ideal seed dressing agent.