Plant reproductive modules include flowers, inflorescences, fruits and seeds, and also the reproductive branches that bear these plant parts, which have certain distribution pattern and quantitative change dynamics. Selective abortion is one of the sources of seed plant fruiting and seeding patterns. In order to determine the patterns of fruit production among and within inflorescences, seed production within pods, and further examine the evolutionary, ecological significance of selective abortion in a desert species Eremosparton songoricum (Litv.) Vass., we did our research over two years in a wild population in the north edge of Gurbantunggut Desert, XinJiang, China. To record the fruit production among inflorescences, 141 and 105 inflorescences from twenty individual plants were randomly chosen in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Fruit development and position within each inflorescence were monitored daily, and the number of completely mature fruits within each inflorescence was counted to get the frequency distribution and the fruit set of different inflorescence sizes. To determine percentage of fruit production from basal position to distal position within the inflorescences, 100 inflorescences with 16 and 13 flowers were chosen in 2007 and 2008, respectively. To determine the seed production within pods, 300 completely mature fruits were randomly chosen in 2007 and 2008 to monitor the seed production from basal position to distal position within each pod. Results showed that the frequency distribution and fruit set of different inflorescence sizes were positively correlated, with the middle inflorescence size being the most frequent and also having the highest fruit set, which appears to be the optimal reproductive strategy; The flowers from the basal position of an inflorescence were more likely to set fruit, which appears to maintain the reproductive success from the adaptive strategy angle, and the percentage of fruit production at the distal position of an inflorescence was approximately zero which may be make up to the loss of basal flowers of an inflorescence caused by desert weather condition or distal flower may play more important role in male function for attracting more insects rather than bearing fruit; Ovules from the middle position within an ovary were more likely to produce seed. There were an average of only 1.08±0.03 and 1.07±0.03 seeds matured per pod in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Producing one seed per pod may be the optimal strategy in this limited resource desert situation, with the single seed appearing to be of higher quality (16.23±0.30)mg than those derived from multi-seed pods (18.44±0.32)mg. Also, a single seeded pod, compared with two or three seeds within one pod, can lower the weight of the dispersal fruit unit, which will improve the dispersal distance and then play an important role in occupying new habitats for this rare species.