Chetoneura shennonggongensis (Diptera: Keroplatidae) is a recently described new cave species. It is univoltine (one generation per year) with an extended larval stage of up to 8-10 months. We studied the spatial and temporal pattern of a larval population of C. shennonggongensis. Furthermore, we also investigated various environmental factors that might explain the observed patterns. We used four different analytic methods to study the spatial pattern of the larval population, including the diffusion coefficient method (C value method), the K value method, Average Congestion(M*) and the IwaoM*=α+βx model. All these methods suggest an aggregated distribution of the larvae in the cave. The seasonal dynamics of C. shennonggongensis revealed highest number of larvae in spring and lowest numbers in summer, ie. May to June. The pupal and adult stage last very short. In autumn the larvae begin to hatch and the number increases continually. Finally, we carried out a correlation analysis between larval numbers and the seasonal changes of environmental factors using a Pearson Correlation matrix. The results showed a significant correlation of the larval numbers with the relative humidity and with the underground water pH of the cave, but no correlation with air temperature and the pH of infiltrating water from the top of the cave. This suggests that relative humidity and underground water pH might be key factors influencing the population distribution of C. shennonggongensis larvae.