Rice is the largest staple food crop in China. In recent years, the adoption of improved varieties on a large-scale led to a narrowing of the rice genetic base and a decreased diversity of traditional rice varieties growing in farmers′ fields, such change has been widely paid on. Some areas of high rice diversity due continue to exist, in particular in areas of minority ethnic groups where cultural tourism has protected these remaining rice resources. Yuanyang Hani′s terraced fields is one such area where traditional rice varieties continue to be managed by the local population. In the present study, the diversity of paddy rice varieties, in particular traditional varieties, grown in Yuanyang Hani′s terraced fields at both the household and village levels was investigated through participatory rural appraisal (PRA), questionnaires and semi-structured interview for data collection in order to illustrate an example for the diversity of rice landrace of in-situ conservation. A total of 135 rice varieties with different names including 12 hybrid crosses, 23 modern bred varieties and 100 landraces were found to be cultivated by the representative 750 households distributed over 30 villages in Yuanyang. The proportion of area grown to landraces (traditional varieties) was up to 56.2% of the total area of rice cultivation for these households. The average number of varieties per village was 9.7, ranging from 4 to 19 varieties per village. Each village grew at least two traditional varieties and one modern bred variety. The most frequent growing landrace was “Lao Jing nuo”, cultivated by 12 different villages. For the other landraces, a landrace was often grown by only one or two different villages. In 11 villages of the total 30 villages surveyed (36.7%), all households planted at least one traditional variety. At the household level, 611 of the 750 households investigated (81.5%) grew traditional varieties. 391 households grew both landraces and modern bred varieties accounted for 52.1% of total 750 households, the proportion of the area grown to landrace versus modern bred varieties was occupying 1/2 for only the households that grew both landraces and modern varieties，while only 220 households growing traditional varieties accounted for 29.3%. The average number of varieties grown per household was 2.2 with a maximum 5 varieties, including one hybrid, one improved inbred variety and three landraces. The richness and evenness of landrace were 5.9 and 0.670, respectively at village level, Richness and evenness at the household level was 1.541 and 0.192, respectively. The average divergence of landrace was 0.702 at village level. The richness and evenness of landrace were highest in five villages: Taiyanglaozhai, Xinzhaicun, Oule, Duosha and Shangmadian. This indicates that the five villages have played greater roles in on-farm conservation of rice traditional varieties. Significantly positive correlation between richness and evenness of landraces were showed, with r=0627*** at village level and r=0.925*** at household level. There was also significantly positive correlation r=0.473** between richness of landraces at village level and number of households. However, at the village level, there were significant negative correlations with r=-0.570** and r=-0.370* between either landrace richness at village level or the number of households, and annual net income per person, respectively. Yuanyang is a rare area in China where so many landraces are still under cultivation within such a small area of 142.29 hm2. High heterogeneity of ecological environments and diversity of local traditional customs might be key factors that have affected the diversity of traditional rice varieties grown in Yuanyang Hani′s terraced fields. It is suggested that Yuanyang Hani′s terraced fields should be protected, and serve as a basis of on-farm conservation region for diversity of traditional rice varieties.