An expert system,Grazing Manager of Alpine Meadow Ecosystem 1(GMAME1),has been structured to facilitate stochastic evaluations of rotation grazing system on alpine meadow pastures,Qinghai Province,China.A model grazing on summer-autumn meadow (from 1 June to 30 October)was originated to provide a practical method for estimating the effects of grazing frequency, grazing duration and grazing pressure on GMAME1.The model provides 31 different attributes for characterizing the performance of a grazing system. A...