Soil moisture and temperature of the seed zone in dry land farming are mainly affected by the surface evaporation and the structure of seedbed . A two-dimensional numerical model of evaporation from the surface of flat or undulated heterogeneous soil was developed and validated by field experiment for the purpose of optimizing tillage operations.When the surface is flat, the different evaporation rate from each surface element can be ccalculated using finite element method based on one-dimensional evaporati...