三江自然保护区湿地保护与退耕还湿政策的农民响应
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UNDP/GEF资助项目;中国湿地生物多样性保护与可持续利用资助项目(CPR/98/G32);青年博士基金资助项目(08H2091)


Farmers,response to policy of wetland protection and restoration in Sanjiang Reserve
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    摘要:

    通过对三江自然保护区核心区边缘6个村屯和实验区内5个村屯的310家农户家庭就湿地保护与退耕还湿的问卷调查和访谈研究,探讨了农民对湿地保护和退耕还湿政策的响应。调查发现:湿地保护与退耕还湿的农民响应具有很大的相似性,不同年龄结构,认知水平和区域位置,决定了他们对湿地保护和退耕还湿支持意愿的不同,表现在年轻人、受教育程度高和居住在实验区的人更倾向于湿地保护和退耕还湿。在退耕还湿问题上,农民反对退耕还湿的原因和农民接受退耕还湿的补偿方式选择都反映出农民对现有耕地及补偿制度的思考。研究表明:湿地重要性已经被广大农民所认可,农民对湿地保护和退耕还湿政策的支持主要取决于能否保证农民的经济利益;缺乏明确的退耕还湿补偿制度和替代生计引导是湿地保护和退耕还湿实施的制度障碍和政策缺失。

    Abstract:

    This paper analyzed the responses of farmers to policies of wetland protection and restoration by household survey (wetland restoration refers to conversion of cultivated land to wetland in this paper). The paralleling survey covered 310 households from 11 villages in core zone and experimental zone of Sanjiang Reserve, Heilongjiang Province in China. The result showed that there were similar responses to wetland protection and restoration: the youngsters, educated people and farmers living in experimental zone, tended to support for policies of wetland protection and restoration more actively. It was found that most farmers had recognized the importance of wetland, but whether farmers agreeing with policies of wetland protection and restoration or not was determined by economic benefits of farmers shared. There were some differences between the responses of farmers in experimental zone and core zone. Over 90% farmers, living in experimental zone, thought wetland protection could create better living environment; while over 35% farmers, living in core zone, preferred to be offered compensation for their economic benefits losing. The reasons of farmers opposing wetland restoration were that they considered cultivated land as the main income source, and had no other living skills and enough money to do other business. Therefore,farmers may accept it with the premise of obtaining cash compensation, new training or job opportunities, steady non-agricultural income, and equivalent land replacement. This study indicated that there had no exact compensation system and alternative livelihoods for local people, which would hinder wetland protection and restoration. Ecological benefits of wetland and economic benefits of farmers should be considered synchronously. And the compensation system and alternative livelihoods for farmers should be implemented as soon as possible, which would accelerate the process of wetland protection and restoration.

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张春丽,佟连军*,刘继斌,李名升,张慧敏.三江自然保护区湿地保护与退耕还湿政策的农民响应.生态学报,2009,29(2):946~952

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