A systematic study of butterfly species and dynamics has been conducted in the important ecological areas of Zhejiang including the mountains of Longwang, Tianmu, Gutian, Wuyanling and Baishanzu, with sampling plots set and net capture adopted there. Microsoft Excel was used to list the butterfly species and number collected, followed by calculation and graphing to analyze species-abundance curves, diversity index, evenness and dominant degree. The category of butterfly was then used as an indicator to evaluate forest environmental health of these areas. The results reveal that in these areas distribution of butterfly category fitted a logarithmic normal distribution, but the number of each butterfly category was in conformity with the rule of a logarithmic series. The Tianmu and Wuyanling Mountains had a nationally protected Grade II Luehdorfia chinensis and a nationally protected Grade I Ornithoptera alexandrae, 4 and 3 protected species within China, and 25 and 11 species native to China, with a diversity index of 0.9757 and 1.7570, respectively, which indicated that the environmental quality of these two areas was excellent. The mountains of Gutian and Baishanzu had no nationally protected species found and only had 2 and 3 protected species within China and 5 and 15 species native to China, with a diversity index of 1.3492 and 1.1593, respectively, which also indicated a good environmental quality. The Longwang Mountain had no nationally protected species found and only had one protected species within China, 11 species native to China, with a diversity index of 0.8491, which meant that the environmental quality there was relatively poor or the environmental quality there tended to deteriorate. In recent years, such natural climates as acidic rain and typhoon and human disturbance have a different impact on forest environmental health. In the Longwang Mountain, forest environment has been unstable and deteriorated severely, part of which has not been suitable for survival of such insects as butterfly protected species.