To evaluate the impacts of acid mine drainage on macroinvertebrate community and the pollution in Gaolan River, metals and macroinvertebrates were quantitatively investigated in November 2006 and January 2007. The results show that acid mine drainage is the major factor impacting the macroinvertebrate community in the upsteam of Gaolan River; macroinvertebrates communities are significantly affected by acid mine drainage from pyrite about 16 km downstream of the mine water discharge point; Polypedilum tritum and Eukiefferiella brehmi are tolerant of both acid and metals; predators and scrapers of macroinvertebrates are most sensitive to the pollution of acid mine drainage; the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates is impacted by aluminum, calcium, cadmium, ferrum, magnesium and manganese; and the density is significantly impacted by cadmium, chromium and magnesium.Key Words: acid mine drainage; macroinvertebrate; Gaolan River