The effects of soil biodiversity on nutrients and water-use efficiencies by plants are important ecological functions in agroecosystems. Many studies suggest that soil microorganism biodiversity positively contributes to nutrients and, possibly, water-use efficiency. Soil fauna also effect on nutrients and water-use efficiencies, but they may be indirect effects that influence mineralization of nutrients and permeability of soil water. Effects of soil biodiversity on nutrients and water-use efficiencies were studied based on soil microorganisms, or soil fauna, or plant in most experiments, and the results may be unilateral. Therefore, it should be combine the investigation of soil biodiversity and soil nutrients and water supply with the investigation of plant biodiversity and nutrients and water-use efficiencies in future. So we will may be further apprehend the relationships of soil biodiversity and nutrients and water-use efficiencies on theory and improve agroecosystem nutrients and water-use efficiencies in practice.