Larix olgensis is one of the important commercial timber tree species in northeastern China, but there was little information about its seed resources. This study evaluated the composition, quality and dispersal distance of seed rain, and the distribution, amount and viability of seeds in soil seed bank of Larix olgensis in montane regions of eastern Liaoning Province. The seed rain was collected using collecting net at 50-80 cm above forest floor and on the surface soil. The viability of seeds from seed rain was measured using the method of indigotin dying when the seed rain ended. Seeds in the soil seed bank were collected three times from April to August, and the viability of seeds was also examined by using the method of indigotin dying. The results showed that seed rain of L. olgensis started from the middle of August, reached the peak during the late September and early October, and ended at the beginning of November. At the beginning of the seed rain phase, the seeds were mainly made up by vacant seeds, but from the peak of the seed rain phase, the seed rain was mainly made up by intact seeds. The quality (the amount of intact seeds and seed viability) of the seeds from the seed rain was relatively poor, and the un-intact seeds, which approximately accounted for 45 % of all seeds, were made of vacant seeds and seeds predated by animals and harmed by disease and insect pest as well. Furthermore, the viability of intact seeds was only average at 56.4 %. In consequence, the proportion of the viable seeds in the seed rain accounted for only about 30%. Seeds distributed around the parent trees in the primary dispersal of seed rain, and the dispersal distances of seed rain did not exceed 1.5 times tree height. Almost all of the seeds in the seed rain distributed on the litter layer, and there were a few seeds (<5 %) entering the 0-5 cm soil layer, and there was no seeds beneath 5 cm soil layer. The amount and viability of seeds did not reduce significantly after winter. However, the amount and viability of seed significantly reduced from April to August of next year. In April, June and August, the amount of seeds was 506.3±35.56 seeds m^-2, 267.1±17.47 seeds m-2 and 143.6±9.83 seeds m^-2, respectively, and the viability of seed was 47.8%±468 %, 19.4%±3.39 % and 0 % respectively. The results suggested that all seeds in soil seed bank lost their viabilities in the August of next year, and soil seed bank of L. olgensis was not persistent. The reason of losing the amount and viability of seed in soil seed bank was confirmed that the seeds were mainly consumed by germinated (<24.6 %), predated (300 %) and decayed (45.4 %).