The effects of management of protected areas (PAs) are important criteria for evaluating management capabilities. The diversity of management bases, management mechanisms and management actions among different protected areas results in different management effects, including different protection conditions (E1), levels of PA control (E2) and influences on community economies (E3). In order to analyze which factors of management basis, mechanism and action are correlated with management effects, we conducted face-to-face interviews and distributed survey questionnaires through the mail to a total of 154 representatives from PAs managed by forestry departments. The questionnaires contained 26 indices on management basis, mechanism and action. The principal component analysis method was used to select 14 of the indices as key evaluation elements and the χ2 analysis was used to analyze the relationship between indices and management effects. The results showed that the value of E1 was the highest among the three management effects, indicating that protection condition was regarded as the most important task in the management of PAs. E1, E2 and E3 were related to different management factors. There were 5 key evaluation element factors related to E1, of which propaganda and education level were the most influential. E2 was impacted by 4 key evaluation element factors, or which supervision and assessment for management contributed the most. Of the 4 key evaluation element factors that influenced E3, tourism management was the most influential. At the same time, 3 of the 14 key evaluation element factors were not related to E1, E2, or E3. The analysis showed that the relationship between evaluation factors and both E2 and E3 needs to be strengthened. More factors need to be considered in order to improve management. Different factors influence different management effects. Management organizations of PAs must insist on a comprehensive management method. At the same time, the relationship between E1, E2, E3 and management effects should be better understood and be improved.