Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, forming symbiotic associations with roots from the majority of plant species. In exchange for carbon from host plants, AMF colonization can facilitate plant uptake and transport of less mobile soil nutrients such as phosphorus, enhance drought tolerance and reduce pathogenic infections. However, the growth of AMF is affected by many factors including soil type, soil pH, soil moisture, soil fertility, etc. In this paper, we investigated the effects of soil fertility and long-term fertilization on the growth and diversity of AMF (including root colonization, hyphal length, spore production) under field conditions with long-term fertilization treatments in Hailun Experimental Station of Northeast China, Heilongjiang province. This long-term field experiment has been running for over 10 years. Therefore it is possible to investigate the effect of fertilization on AMF at longer time scale. Results of root colonization showed that NK treatments were beneficial to mycorrhizal formation. High fertilization level, particularly phosphorus (treatment NP2K) inhibited the growth of AMF. Root colonization is one of the key factors affecting the growth of external hyphae and the production of spores in the soil. The higher root colonization with NK treatments produced longer external hyphae. However, higher spore numbers were not observed in NK treatments. This may be partly attributed to the difference in ecological distribution and characteristics of the community of AMF influenced by different fertilization treatments. The species richness and density tended to increase with the increase in soil fertility, while higher fertility (NP2K and NPK2) was not associated with higher species richness and density in the soil. AMF with the highest frequency was found to be in the genus of Glomus among the four fertilization treatments, Acaullospora had the second highest frequency, and Entrohosprora appeared only in NK treatment. The highest frequency genus of AMF in all treatments was Glomus, species with the highest frequency, such as Glomus mosseae, Glomus caledonium, Glomus diaphanum, were also the genus in Glomus. These results suggested that the community and population of AMF was affected by soil fertility. The soil fertility was then affected the community and ecological distribution of AMF. Among the different species of AMF,Glomus mosseae was the most popular species and had the highest tolerance to the high soil fertility. The results of this investigation indicated that Glomus mosseae was the isolate which had a wide adaptation to a wide range of soil fertility.