Qinling fir，Abies chensiensis，is endemic to China and was listed in the China Plant Red Data Book as one of the third class conserving plants．It is only found scattered in the forested pockets of the Qinling，Bashan and Shennongjia mountains from 1 300 m to 2200 m ALT in Shaanxi，Gansu，Henan．Sichuan and Hubei provinces．To conserve and restore effectively this species and explore it’s processes of reproduction, the production characteristics of cone and seed yields, seed bank dynamics，seed germination rates of 5 Abies chensiensis populations (A, B, C, D, E respectively in Abies chensiensis-Pinus tabulaeformis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis- Quercus aliena var. acutserrata-Litsea pungens-Carex lanceolata association, Abies chensiensis-Betula albo-sinensis-Sinarundinaria nitida-Duchesnea indica association, Abies chensiensis- Indigofera amblyantha- Carex lanceolata association and Abies chensiensis- Pinus tabulaeformis- Smilax stans- Carex lanceolata association) were studied in their natural habitat across 18 plots in the Qinling mountains area. Experiments were carried out in laboratory and field conditions. The results showed the five populations all had potential to produce seeds, and the higher yield occurred in the lower and middle altitude areas every 3-5years. The most cones appeared on the upper and middle foliage of the tree, and the west, south and east aspects of the crown, and the most of full seed appeared on the middle position of the cone. The weight per 1000 seeds was 43.2 g, in which 44.8% had growing potential. The germination rate of seeds in natural forest was 6.1% and the proportion of seed lost or destroyed in different populations in natural forest was 93.9%. The germination rate of seed that planted in the nursery was higher than that in natural forest, and the germination rate in the lower or middle altitude populations was higher than that in the upper altitude. The course from seed to seedling was the critical period in the life cycling of A. chensiensis populations under natural condition. Reproduction courses were influenced positively by an abundant of tree layer coverage; organic material in the soil, thick soil and a dense population of parent trees, while influenced negatively by human disturbance and light. In situ conservation should be carried out in the future on the A. chensiensis, so as to promote population reproduction. Thinning the shrub layer and grass layer will also help seeds to penetrate the soil, promoting seeds germination. The artificial population should be expanded by collecting seeds in good harvest years. Fast-growing and high-yield plantations should be developed on cloudy slopes at lower or middle altitudes.